team+16+Sudan

**Sudan** Introduction

Sudan was a collection of small, independent kingdoms and principalities from the beginning of the Christian era until 1820-21, when Egypt conquered and unified the northern portion of the country. Sudan’s population is one of the most divers on the African continent. Within two distinct major cultures—Arab and black African—there are hundred of the ethnic and tribal subdivision and language groups, which make effective collaboration among them a major political challenge. Most of the 30 million Sudanese who live in this region are Arabic-speaking Muslims, though the majority also uses a non-Arabic mother tongue--e.g., Nubian, Beja, Fur, Nuban, Ingessana, etc. Among these are several distinct tribal groups: the Kababish of northern Kordofan, a camel-raising people; the Ja’alin and Shaigiyya groups of settled tribes along the rivers; the semi-nomadic Baggara of Kordofan and Darfur; the Hamitic Beja in the Red Sea area and Nubians of the northern Nile areas, some of whom have been resettled on the Atbara River; and the Nuba of southern Kordofan and Fur in the western reaches of the country. According to new census results released in early 2009, Sudan’s population had reached an estimated 41.1 million.


 * [[image:iah211dfall2011/SOUTH_SUDAN.jpg width="276" height="205" align="left" caption="South Sudan Religion Rituals"]] Christianity & Islam **

Sudan has a population of about 41 million people, in which, Christians in Sudan represent 16%, as a result, Christians constitute the largest religious group after Muslims (62%) and followers of traditional religions (22%). In the South, Christians are about 48.4% according to (Atlas Du Monde Arabe, November 1992). These statistics only refer to baptized Christians. Representing the country are these two main churches, Roman Catholic Church (with over 200 church buildings) and Episcopal Church of the Sudan(with 275 churches). Between the two churches there are many religions amongst each, which includes (Coptic Orthodox Church, Ethiopian, Orthodox Church, Presbyterian Church of the Sudan, Africa Inland Church, etc.). Islam predominates in the North, while traditional indigenous beliefs and Christianity are common in the South. Some Muslim leaders estimate the Muslim population of Sudan to be more than 32 million, or above 80 percent of the total population. Almost all Muslims are Sunni, although there are significant distinctions between followers of different Sunni traditions. Two popular divisions, the Ansar and the Khatmia, are associated with the opposition Umma and Democratic Unionist Parties, respectively. There is a small Shi'a community. Many Christians in the North are descended from pre-Islamic era communities or are trading families that immigrated from Egypt or the Near East before independence. Many Muslims in the South are shopkeepers or small business owners who sought economic opportunities during the civil war. Political tensions have created not only a sense of ethnic and religious marginalization among the minority religious group in each region but also a feeling among the majority that the minority groups control a disproportionate share of the wealth. Religious identity plays a role in the country's political divisions. Northern Muslims have dominated the country's political and economic system since independence. The NCP (National Congress Party) draws much of its support from Islamists, Salafis/Wahhabis, and other conservative Arab Muslims in the North. The Umma Party has traditionally attracted Arab followers of the Ansar Sect of Sufism as well as non-Arab Muslims fromDarfurand Kordofan. The Democratic Unionist Party includes both Arab and non-Arab Muslims in the North and East, especially those in the Khatmia Sufi brotherhood, as well as some northern Arabic-speaking Christians. Southern Christians generally support the SPLM (Sudan Peoples’ Liberation Movement) or one of the smaller southern parties.

 1899 ** : ** Sudan comes under British/Egyptian rule.  1916: Sultanate of Darfur incorporated into Sudan.  1955: First civil war begins between the South and North.  1956: Sudan achieves independence.  1958: General Abbud  leads the first military coup against the civilian government.  1962: Civil war breaks out in the predominately Christian region of the South.  1964: The ‘October Revolution’ overthrows Abbud and a National Government is elected.  1969: Gaafar Mohamed El-Nimeiri leads the “May Revolution” military coup and becomes President.  1969: Military coup puts [| Nimeiri] in power.  1971: Nimeiri sees that the Communist Leader is executed after a failed coup attempt.  1972: [| Peace agreement is signed in Addis Ababa] and the South achieves partial self-governance. This led to 10 years of peace in the South. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1978: Oil reserves are discovered in Bentiu in South Sudan. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1983: Nimeiri introduces nationwide Islamic Sharia law. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1983: Tensions in the South led to the formation of the Sudanese People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) under leader [| John Garang]. The southern based group takes up arms against government forces. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1985: After widespread popular unrest Nimeiri is deposed from Presidency by a group of officers. A Transitional Military Council is set up to rule the country. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1986: Post-Nimeiri elections see [| Sadiq al-Mahdi] become Prime Minister. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1989: National Salvation Revolution (NSR) [| takes over in a military coup]. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1993: After another military coup the Revolution Command Council is dissolved and [| Omar al-Bashir] is appointed president. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1998: The US launches a [| missile attack on a pharmaceutical plant in Khartoum]. It alleges that it was making materials for chemical weapons and has links to Al-Qaeda – the government dismisses the claims as false. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1998: A new [| constitution] is endorsed in a referendum. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1999: Following a power struggle with [| Hassan al-Turabi], the Parliamentary Speaker, President Bashir dissolves the National Assembly and declares a state of emergency. The same year Sudan begins to export oil. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2000: Omar al-Bashir is re-elected President after all other political parties boycott elections. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2001: The Popular National Congress (PNC) signs a [| memorandum of understanding] with the southern rebel SPLM’s armed faction, the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). Hassan Al-Turabi, leader of the PNC is arrested the following day. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2001: Citing its record on terrorism and human rights violations, the US extends unilateral sanctions against Sudan for another year. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2002: The government and the SPLA sign a [| landmark peace deal]. A renewable 6 month ceasefire agreement is made. This brings to an end 19 years of civil war. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2003: Two rebel groups in the Western region of Darfur rise up against what they believe to be government neglect of the arid region. The groups arm Arab militia against civilians. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2004: The Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebels agree ceasefire in the South. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2004: In Darfur, as the army moves against the insurgency, [| hundreds of thousands of refugees flee into Chad]. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2004 (Mar): UN official says pro-government Arab militias known as “Janjaweed” are carrying out [| systematic killings of villagers in Darfur]. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2004 (May): Further progress is made in North – South relations when the government and southern rebels agree on [| power-sharing protocols]. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2004 (Sept): [| The US describes Darfur killings as ‘genocide’]. The UN says Sudan has failed to disarm pro-government militias but do not accept the term ‘genocide.’ The Sudanese government agrees to the African Union (AU) sending in a protection force. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2005 (Jan): Government and southern rebels sign a [| comprehensive permanent peace deal]. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2005: The UN Security Council says those who commit atrocities in Darfur [| can be brought before the International Criminal Court (ICC)]. Three months later Khartoum seeks to head off international action by setting up its own tribunal. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2005: Following the September introduction of a power-sharing government in Khartoum, in October, an autonomous government is formed in the South. The new administration is dominated by former rebels. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2006 (Aug): The [| UN Security Council vote] to send a 26,000 strong peacekeeping force to Darfur but Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir – citing a violation of sovereignty – refuses to allow the deployment of the UN force. Two months later, [| Jan Pronk], the UN’s top official in Sudan, is [| expelled from the country]. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2007 (May): [| The ICC issues its first arrest warrants] for a Sudanese Minister and a Janjaweed militia leader. Khartoum rejects the statement and says the court has no jurisdiction. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2007 (July): Sudan accepts the deployment of a 26,000 strong AU -UN force to Darfur – [| UNAMID]. 2008: [| UNAMID officially takes over] from the AU peacekeeping force in Darfur. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2008: [| Troops are deployed] in Chad and the Central African Republic (CAR) to assist with the refugee flow from Darfur. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2008 (April): The UN predict that [| 300,000 people have been killed] in the five year Darfur conflict. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2008 (May): Sudanese government bombs hit schools and market places in Darfur, killing 13 civilians. [| UNHCR withdraws its staff] from sites on the Chad/Sudan border citing insecurity. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2008 (June): Northern and Southern forces [| begin intense fighting] over the disputed oil-rich town of Abyei. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2008 (July): The [| ICC calls for the arrest] of President Bashir for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes in Darfur. It is the first appeal the ICC has ever made for the arrest of a sitting head of state. [| Sudan rejects the charges]. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2009 (Mar): [| The ICC in The Hague issues an arrest warrant] for President Omar al-Bashir. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2009 (May): 250 people in central Sudan are killed during [| clashes between nomadic groups] fighting over grazing land. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2009 (July): North and South Sudan accept a [| ruling by The Hague] which gives control of the Abyei region and its oilfields to the North. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2010 (Feb): An ICC appeals court rules that a previous judgement that charges of genocide could not be considered against al-Bashir, was wrong. The case has been passed back for a decision on the case for charging al-Bashir with genocide. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2010 (Apr): National elections return Al-Bashir as President of Sudan, and Salva Kiir as President of South Sudan. Opposition parties allege vote rigging. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2010 (Dec): An upsurge in fighting in Darfur as the ceasefire between the SLA and the government breaks down. Followed by the end of the peace talks in Doha. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2011 (Jan): With over 99% in favour, South Sudan votes overwhelmingly in favour of independence in a vote widely regarded as free, fair and credible. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 2011 (9 July): South Sudan becomes independent.
 * [[image:iah211dfall2011/south-sudan-map.gif align="left" caption="south-sudan-map.gif"]] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">Sudan: History and Timeline **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 180%;">**The Mahdist Rule** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">In the 1870s, a Muslim cleric named [| Muhammad Ahmad] preached renewal of the faith and liberation of the land, and began attracting followers. Soon in open revolt against the Egyptians, Muhammad Ahmad proclaimed himself the [| Mahdi], the promised redeemer of the Islamic world. The Mahdi began a strategic retreat to [| Kordofan], where he was at a greater distance from the seat of government in [| Khartoum]. This movement incited many of the Arab tribes to rise in support of the [| Jihad] the Mahdi had declared against the “Turkish oppressors”. Muhammad Ahmad died soon after his victory in 1885, and was succeeded by the [| Khalifa] [| Abdallahi ibn Muhammad], who proved to be an able, albeit ruthless, ruler of the [| Mahdiyah] (or the Mahdist state). In 1898, the British decided to reassert Egypt’s claim on Sudan. An expedition was organized in Egypt by Kitchener, in which was composed of 8,200 British soldiers and 17,600 Egyptian and Sudanese soldiers. In the aftermath of the Mahdist revolt, the British set up a new colonial system, the [| Anglo-Egyptian administration], which effectively established British domination over Sudan. This ended only with the independence of Sudan in 1956.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**References** <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> [| http://nifcon.anglicancommunion.org/digest/docs/sudan.cfm] <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> [| http://sudan.tripholidays.com/sudan-demographics_religion.php] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> [| http://www.enotes.com/topic/Mahdist_War#Mahdi_Revolt] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">[] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Roslyn Williams

=Anglo- Egyptian Sudan=

Since 1820, Egypt and Sudan have been in a union due to the invasion of Northern Sudan by the Egyptian Wali Muhammad Ali Pasha. The British Empire targeted Sudan and Egypt due to its rich economic opportunities with the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869.

The British Empire seized control of Egypt in 1879, and entered Sudan ten years later. The Mahdist revolts took place between 1884 and 1898, and after their defeat, the British Empire decided to <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px;"> re-establish control over Sudan. ( [| 1] ) Since 1892, Britain's Horatio Herbert Kitchener had been in command of Egypt's army. Kitchener's opponent in the Sudan was the caliph (or Khalifa) Abdullah et Taaisha, who had succeeded the Mahdi in 1885. He had been attacking Egypt, and by 1896 the British and Egyptians were alarmed by the spread of French influence in southern Sudan. On behalf of Egypt's Khedive, Kitchener led an army to take control of the Sudan, considered by Egypt to be its territory. Battles occurred in 1896, and the major showdown came at Omdurman, near Khartoum, in 1898. The Muslims believed that Allah was with them, but they had only two machine guns against the fifty-five among Kitchener's troops, and many of the Khalifa's troops were armed only with spears. Kitchener killed close to 11,000 of the Kalifa's force and wounded 16,000, while the British forces lost 23 dead and 434 wounded.( [| 2] )

====With that being said, the British Empire established the Anglo- Egyptian Rule which meant that Sudan would be governed by an Egyptian general under the consent of the British. The fact that an Egyptian General would govern Sudan did not mean anything because the British possessed both countries. As stated in Wikipedia, " Pursuing a policy of //divide and rule//, the British were keen to reverse the process, started under Muhammad Ali , of uniting the Nile Valley under Egyptian leadership, and sought to frustrate all efforts aimed at further uniting the two countries." The British Also divided Sudan into two territories. They put the Arabic speaking Muslims in the North, and the English speaking Christians in the south. Revolts against the Anglo Rule occurred in Egypt and Sudan.==== ===="With the formal end of Ottoman rule in 1914, Hussein Kamel was declared Sultan of Egypt and Sudan, as was his brother Fuad I who succeeded him. The insistence of a single Egyptian-Sudanese state persisted when the Sultanate was re-titled the Kingdom of Egypt and Sudan, but the British continued to frustrate these efforts."( [| 1] ) Sudan Also attempted to earn their independence on their own through the White Flag League in 1924. The Group was lead by two lieutenants in which one of them died after the British Army blew up a military hospital he was in.==== ====Even after the British withdrew from Egypt in 1936, they still controlled Sudan. It was only 16 years later in 1952 when The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 occurred that ended British Occupation of Sudan. "Having abolished the monarchy in 1953, Egypt's new leaders Muhammad Naguib, who was raised as a child of an Egyptian army officer in Sudan, and Gamal Abdel Nasser, believed the only way to end British domination in Sudan was for Egypt itself to officially abandon its sovereignty over Sudan. Since the British claim to control in Sudan theoretically depended upon Egyptian sovereignty, the revolutionaries calculated that this tactic would leave the UK with no option but to withdraw. Their calculation proved to be correct, and in 1954 the governments of Egypt and the UK signed a treaty guaranteeing Sudanese independence. On January 1, 1956, the date agreed between the Egyptian and British governments, Sudan became an independent sovereign state, ending its nearly 136 year union with Egypt and 55 year rule by the British".( [| 1] )====

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( Thamer Alajlan)

 * Military Years**

30 June, 1989 a Sudanese Colonial by the name of Omar al-Bashir led a group of army officers in ousting the coalition government, at this point thoroughly unstable. Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi was overthrown in a bloodless military coup. al-Bashir led a new military government which suspended political parties in favor of an Islamic legal code (Sharia). Bashir then became Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (a newly created transitional position) and installed himself as the Chief of State, Prime Minister, Chief of Armed Forces and Minister of Defense.

Subsequent to al-Bashir's promotion the Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation he joined with Hassan al-Turabi the Speaker of the National Islamic Front. Together they continued to institutionalize Sharia law in the northern parts of Sudan. Later al-Bashir issued purges and executions. He targeted the upper ranks of the army, banned associations, political parties, independent newspapers and imprisoned leading political figures and journalists.

16 October, 1993 al-Bashir appointed himself President of Sudan. After this he disbanded the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation and all other political parties which could threaten his supremacy. al-Bashir also took the Council's legislative and executive powers.

In 1996 al-Bashir, as the only running candidate won and transformed Sudan into a single party state and and created the National Congress Party (NCP) with a new parliament and government comprised solely of NCP members. 1990's Hassan al-Turabi the speaker for the National Assembly reached out to Islamic fundamentalist groups and allowed them to operate out of Sudan. He went so far as inviting Osama bin Laden to the country. This prompted the U.S to list Sudan as a state sponsor of terrorism. After the U.S bombed Sudan in 1998 and U.S. firms were banned from working in Sudan.

Later, al-Turabi's influence and his party's ideological lessened in favor of more pragmatic leaders who were focused on trying to save Sudan from it's international isolation and economic damage from their Islamic shenanigans. This was buoyed by Sudan's attempts to appease the United States going as far as expelling members of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad.

Before the 2000 presidential election al-Turabi introduced a bill to reduce the President's powers, al-Bashir resorted to dissolving parliament and declaring a state of emergency. al-Turabi urged a boycott of the re-election and signed and agreement with the Sudan People's Liberation Army. al-Bashir thought that they were plotting to overthrow him and his government so he reacted by jailing al-Turabi that same year.

Because of the current political situation along with economic and social changes conflicts emerged in western and eastern provinces of Sudan. Since the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) the Janjaweed militia and rebel groups like the Sudan People's Liberation Army, The Sudanese Liberation Army and the Justice and Equality Movement have escalated guerrilla warfare in the Darfur, Red Sea and Equatorial regions. These conflicts have claimed between 200,000 and 400,000 lives with 2.5 million people being displaced.



References [] [] [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan#Military_Coup_d.27.C3.A9tat_.281989.E2.80.93present.29] []
 * Joel Traugott**

=Independence and National Rule (1956-1989)=

Independence was declared for Sudan on January 1, 1956. Since this date however, Sudan has been ruled by unsuccessful parliamentary style governments. Previously, Sudan was under British and Egyptian rule from the year 1899 through 1955 and was known as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Independence for Sudan was very important for placing a national identity on the country and giving it the status it deserved. A nation owned by another such as Great Britain or Egypt isn't respected like a nation of it's own identity. This birth as a democratically formed nation gives Sudan pride and a national identity.

Sudan underwent issues in it's first few years however, including civil wars, problems with the parliamentary government, and conflict. Sudan had been promised for many years a unique national identity and overall Sudanese independence. However, the actual act of signing treaties and creating Sudan as a national icon, didn't actually happen until 1956. Sudan underwent a couple civil wars during this time period. One, which started in 1955 and went through 1972, and one which started in 1983 which was largely a continuation of the first. Approximately 2 million lives were lost as a result of these wars. Casualties came from not just the war, but from famine, disease, and other factors that were a direct result of the war.

Over the course of the period from 1956 through 1989 Sudan underwent multiple military coups, civil wars, and national government problems. In the timeline below, I have listed the years and months of important dates and events in Sudan's History.



After gaining independence, a military coup was established as the governmental unit. Ibrahim Abboud was the commander in chief of the Sudanese Army immediately after Sudan gained it's independence. Abboud was also chief of state between 1958 and 1964, and finally became president in 1964. When the coup was established, General Abboud assumed position as the leader of the military government.



The Southern Sudan Civil War was led by the Anyanya separatist movement. In October of 1964, Abboud's military coup comes to an end.


 * 1956 (January) - Gain Independence
 * 1958 (November) - Military Coup is established
 * 1962 - Southern Sudanese Civil War
 * 1964 (October) - October Revolution overthrows Abboud's military regime
 * 1965 (April) - Sudanese Parliamentary Elections
 * 1967 (December) - Democratic Unionist Party formed
 * 1970 (February) - African Cup of Nations
 * 1971 (July) - Coup D'e'tat
 * 1972 - Addis Abada Agreement
 * 1973 (September) - Attack on Saudi Embassin Khartoum
 * 1974 - Ireland starts to provide assistance to Sudan
 * 1978 (February) - Parliamentary Elections
 * 1980 (April) - Unclear Borders cause dispute
 * 1982 (January) - Parliamentary Elections
 * 1983 - Second Civil War Begins
 * 1985 (April) - Numieri is removed from power
 * 1986 (June) - Civilian government put in place
 * 1987 (August) - American aid is dropped from Civil War
 * 1989 (June) - Military Junta would not compromise

In 1965, the Parliamentary elections were held. A victory for the Umma Party was the final outcome with 90 of 173 seats won. Because the civil war was still raging, the southern seats at the election were vacant, until the later elections of 1967. In December, 1967, the Democratic Unionist Party was formed which is now the 4th largest party in the house of commons. This allowed political groups to enter into a power-sharing government. The main goal for the party was the unity of Sudan. The DUP was the only party in Sudanese history to hold democratically run elections.

In 1970, Sudan hosted the African Cup of Nations. The cup is a soccer tournament. Sudan won this year in the final 1-0 against Ghana. I believe this is important in establishing Sudan as a recognized nation in Africa and puts it on the map at least in some sense as a nation to beat.

In 1971, Sudan underwent the Coup D'état, which was a short communist-backed coup, led by Major Hashem al Atta against the government of President Gaafar Nimeiry. The Coup D'e'tat, proved to drastically change the country's foreign and domestic policies.

The Addis Abada Agreement, was a treaty signed in 1972 that ended the First Sudanese Southern Civil War. The treaty was incorporated into the Sudanese Constitution.

The Attack on the Saudi Embassy was carried out by the Black September Organization in 1973 and took 10 diplomats hostage.

In 1974, Ireland starts providing funding for Sudan and helping sort out governmental issues.

In 1978, Sudan held Parliamentary elections. The People's Assembly had increased in size from 250 to 304 seats. Next elections occurred in 1982.

In 1980, Sudan, along with a list of other countries start disputing over unclear boundaries left by European control. The borders for geographic reasons were not clearly marked during largely European rule, thus countries started disputing over borders.

1983 marked the beginning of the second Sudanese Civil War. The war was very much a continuation of the first, but nonetheless had major consequences for both sides. As a result of these Civil wars, approximately 2 million lives were lost due to casualties, famine, and disease.

In 1985, Numieri is removed from power as leader of the military coup.

In 1986, civilian government is put in place to restore peace after national elections. The leader appointed as Prime Minister was Sadiq al-Mahdi.

All American resistance involving the Sudanese Civil War is dropped in 1987.

In 1989, the military junta did not want to compromise with the Sudanese government, under the leadership of Omar al-Bashir. Who eventually appointed himself president of Sudan.



References:

[] [] [] http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Africa/Sudan-POLITICS-GOVERNMENT-AND-TAXATION.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/2010/01/100106_acn_key_moment_sudan_1970.shtml http://faroutliers.blogspot.com/2008/07/sudans-second-civil-war-1980s.html


 * Joshua Foley**