team+1+Algeria

=__Beginning of Colonization (1830-1890)__=
 * Algeria **



Invasion and Capture
On July 4, 1830, under the order of Bourbon King Charles X, France invaded and captured Algiers, the main city of Algeria. 1 The ruler at the time was Hussein Dey. 2 ("Dey" was the term for a ruling official of the Ottoman Empire in Northern Africa) 3. He and his family were exiled to Naples after Algeria was taken by the French. In August, Charles X left for England. 2

Colonial Administration
In the early days of the occupation, the minister of war in Paris gave orders to a governor general in Algeria who controlled a military occupation of the country. After 1848, public services in Algeria were controlled by equivalent ministries in France, which led to a decline of military rule. In 1860, Napoleon III again increased military rule by reestablishing leaderhip by a governor general. 2

The Crémieux Law was passed in 1870. Named after the French-Jewish statesman Adolphe Crémieux, this law granted French citizenship to the Jewish population of Algeria. This citizenship was only open to Muslims if they rejected Islam and therefore created a favored Jewish minority. All those Muslims who did not reject Islam were considered "subjects" instead of citizens. 2

During the time period of 1830-1890 there were several revolts by the Algerian people. Abd-El Kader ruled over thirty-two tribes in North Africa and led the revolt against the French in Algiers. 1 Abd-El Kader's revolt started at the beginning of the French occupation and lasted about seventeen years. 2 Even after he was taken prisoner to Paris in 1844, he was freed on by Napoleon III, because he was so admired for his bravery and heroics as a leader and warrior. 1 In 1864 the southern Oran province revolted, and in 1871 the Kabylia revolt took place. 2

Pictures
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/La_prise_de_Constantine_1837_par_Horace_Vernet.jpg/300px-La_prise_de_Constantine_1837_par_Horace_Vernet.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Adolphe_Crémieux_by_Nadar,_1856.png/250px-Adolphe_Crémieux_by_Nadar,_1856.png http://www.semp.us/_images/biots/Biot486PhotoE.jpg http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7MhIqDTlhpg/ToY5avNfG9I/AAAAAAAAUB0/My1jWATdXS4/s1600/algeria%2Bmap.gif (Teresa Harris)

=__Algeria Under French Rule (1890-1950):__=

Throughout this period, the French quelled most of the revolts, and further established European rule. The colony was given a governor-general, who ruled with a board of European advisers. Many aspects of the country were being modernized. The colonists set up large-scale infrastucture, including agricultural systems and industrial enterprises. The indigent Muslim inhabitants did not benefit from these reforms. Only the French profited from these endeavors, the natives were left with little rights or wealth. The colonists even had separate laws for the two groups. The European Algerians were all French citizens, but the natives were considered to be French //subjects//. In the aftermath of WWI, tensions rose and several native opposition groups arose.

Star of North Africa:


Formed in Paris originally, this group called for Algerian independence from the French. Many communists and far-left frenchmen were part of the organization. Communists empathized with the commoners in Algeria, while others saw the plight of their home nation. Ahmed Messali Hadj, the secretary general of the Star, summed up their demands, saying, “in addition to independence from France, the Star called for freedom of press and association, a parliament chosen through universal suffrage, confiscation of large estates, and the institution of Arabic schools.” The Star was forced to operate underground from 1929 to 1937, after being labeled as subversive by French police. Eventually, the Communists and the Algerian Nationalists in the group could no longer agree upon priorities, and Ahmed Hadj returned to his homeland and founded the Party of the Algerian People.

The Islamic Reform Movement:
Part of a movement which began in the 1700's on the Saudi Peninsula, the ideas of the Islamic Reform Movement reached Algeria in 1889. In 1931, Ben Badis founded the Association of Algerian Muslim Ulama, a group which advocated a return to the fundamentals of Islam, along with Algerian independence from French rule. Contrasting with the Star of North Africa, the Islamic Reform Movement did not look to ideals of various freedoms or speech, press, etc., but looked back to the Wahhabist view of Islam. This group gained a large following as it catered to the religious views of many Algerians, regardless of their nationalistic tendencies.

Federation of Elected Muslims:
This was group of Muslims who considered themselves to be the elite, and wished to fully assimilate with France, unlike the other groups during this time period. They believed that Algeria should become an actual province of France, and that everyone in Algeria should become French citizens. Farhat Abbas was one of the main personalities of this association. He is quoted with saying, "There is nothing left in this country but the way of assimilation, of fusion of the native element if French society".

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(Erik Miller-Galow)

Algerian War
On the morning of November 1, 1954, guerrillas of the FLN carried out numerous attacks all over Algeria with the intentions of gaining independence from French rule. The main targets of the FLN attack were French military bases, which resulted in the death of French civilians. The French response was military build up, while the FLN was joined by all the other Algerian nationalist groups. In September 1959, French leader Charles de Gaulle allows Algerians to vote on three possible solutions, "full political integration with France; association with France as an independent entity; or complete secession as an independent nation" (historyworld.net). During April of 1961, a small group of French generals lead a revolt against the Algerian nationalists, but this movement collapses within just a few days. Two of these generals form the extreme group OAS, with the purpose of causing harm to Muslims, meanwhile, de Gaulle is almost assassinated. The fighting began to escalate, and France stationed 500,000 soldiers in the region. Later on that year, France and the tentative Algerian government began secret discussions, which would eventually lead to Algerian independence.



Sources: [] [] Picture: http://www.google.com/imgres?q=algerian+war&um=1&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=623&tbm=isch&tbnid=8R0gJ0y4QwzfjM:&imgrefurl=http://www.peacebuttons.info/new/E-News/peacehistorynovember.htm&docid=QD0hQ1_h0y3ssM&imgurl=http://www.peacebuttons.info/E-News/images/AlgerianIndependence_000.jpg&w=366&h=263&ei=UnDdTqOpGKL30gHRt_DCDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=346&vpy=319&dur=1501&hovh=190&hovw=265&tx=186&ty=176&sig=107333073132448407725&page=2&tbnh=123&tbnw=164&start=20&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:13,s:20

(Marie Bailey) =__Algerian Independence__:=

In the aftermath of the War of Independence, Algeria was declared to be independent on July 3rd, 1962. Ben Bella, a prominent figure in the FLN, was named the first president of Algeria. In the mess leftover by the revolution, Bella declared that the property left by the colonists was under the State's control. He implemented a government in which he himself had the majority of the power. This system allowed the president to control the military, and pass legislation, with little checks upon his authority. People began to feel uneasy about the dictatorial tendencies of this system, and the opposing socialist resistance, the FFS, began to take action. They caused mild unrest, but were put down by the military, which then turned against Ben Bella in a coup lead by Houari Boumédienne, the minister of the army.

(Erik Miller-Galow)

Algerian Civil War (1991-2002)
The Algerian Civil War was the conflict between the Algerian government and Islamist rebel groups. Tensions arose when the country became too dependent on high oil prices, when the price per barrel of oil fell the economy collapsed. October 1988 became known as "Black Ocotober" when there were protests and demonstrations against President Chadli Bendjedid. Troops fired back at the protestors, killing many of them. The new FIS party won over many seats from the FLN in the government in 1990. When it looked like the FIS would take over the, the national elections were cancelled just days before election day by the FLN. The response of the FIS was to create it's military force, the AIS. The war became very brutal, which led to many foreigners residing in Algeria to flee. On November 16, 1995, Liamine Zeroual was elected, and the results were contested. Over the next few years, many brutal massacres occurred throughout the country in towns and villages. The AIS was disbanded in January 2000, which many believed was positive sign that things were going in the right direction, many guerrilla groups also disbanded leaving the country in a state of peace. Post war Algeria has seen the positive effects of a booming economy.

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_civil_war http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac92 Picture: http://www.google.com/imgres?q=algerian+civil+war&num=10&um=1&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=623&tbm=isch&tbnid=IUER1BTEjSGocM:&imgrefurl=http://www.fpif.org/blog/where_the_demonstrators_wave_black_flags_algeria_part_1&docid=6ns6gltLC2uB2M&imgurl=http://www.fpif.org/files/2867/Algerian-civil-war-missing2.gif%253Fwidth%253D500&w=500&h=341&ei=UXHdTqiDHIfm0QH5oJDZDQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=662&vpy=183&dur=1205&hovh=185&hovw=272&tx=140&ty=108&sig=107333073132448407725&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=120&tbnw=184&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0

(Marie Bailey)

Protests


In late December 2010, flocks of people took to the streets of Algiers to protest unemployment, no housing, inflation, and restrictions on free speech among other things. After the protests in Algiers, many other protests starting popping up in other towns and villages throughout the country. Inspired by protests going on in surrounding countries, Algerians were seeking more rights and rewards for themselves. The protests were peaceful and mainly silent, in the hopes of gaining a change of government. The protests lasted from December to the following May, and were successful. As a response, the government decreased some food prices with plans to increase the number of jobs and to allow all political parties the same rights and same amount of coverage.

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Algerian_protests#Background http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/02/201121235130627461.html Picture: http://www.google.com/imgres?q=algerian+protests&num=10&um=1&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=623&tbm=isch&tbnid=9W_Z59v-o2NVFM:&imgrefurl=http://sfumun.blogspot.com/2011/02/algerian-internet-revoked.html&docid=XKTRElZ0UOSKJM&imgurl=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Kq7N9Ih2Vgk/TVgp-QMzviI/AAAAAAAAAD0/wcN-A3su0gU/s1600/Algeria_protests.jpeg&w=630&h=420&ei=q3PdTuyNE6Pd0QGpxoXtDQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=179&vpy=251&dur=205&hovh=183&hovw=275&tx=151&ty=139&sig=107333073132448407725&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=132&tbnw=193&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:5,s:0

(Marie Bailey)