team+5+Jordan



 Introduction - | - History - |  - Abdullah I - | - Talal - | - Hussein - | - Abdullah II



Introduction[[image:iah211dfall2011/jordan.gif width="204" height="218" align="right" caption="Jordan: The Hashemite Kingdom"]]
The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan was originally known as Transjordan after World War I, when the United Kingdom partitioned this land from the original mandate of Palestine. Jordan was ruled for the greatest length of time by King Hussein, and he was significant in the history of Jordanian government because he not only was successful in ruling among great powers such as the United States and the Soviet Union, but he also relinquished claims to the West Bank in Palestine after Israel decimated Arab opposition in the 1967 war (Jordan: A Country Outlook).

The Kingdom of Jordan, in recent years, has asserted itself on the international scene as well by collaborating in the coalition of international politics through adhering to a multitude of international institutions. These include the World Trade Organization, which Jordan gained membership to in 2000, and the European Free Trade Association, which Jordan joined in 2001. Once a nation colonized and dominated by foreign powers, Jordan has now emerged as a nation with a growing multitude of resources, as well as becoming more integrated with the international community through several international institutions. (Jordan: A Country Outlook). Jordan has also become a member of the League of Arab Nations, and the capital city is Amman. (CIA World Fact Book). This city houses the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies, which is a nine-year-old institution dedicated to educating Muslims and Christians about one another (Jordan: A Refuge in the Desert). Jordan is also completely landlocked except for Akbar, a major port city on the Red Sea that serves as the main outlet of trade for the nation of Jordan.

The Economist Intelligence Unit emphasizes that Jordan also plays an important role in the region of the Middle East. Even though it is a pro-Western country, it quells exacerbated tensions within the Middle East by maintaining postitve diplomatic relations with countries in the Middle East, acting as a buffer. The River Jordan separates Jordan from the West Bank and Israel. Originally, this was all one territorial body controlled by the British. Jordan was then carved out of the original mandate of Palestine. Additionally, Jordan's system of government is a constitutional monarchy, which contains a bicameral parliament composed of two bodies. The two bodies that comprise this Parliament are the House of Deputies and the House of Notables, which is similar to a senate, and is the legislative body for the government of Jordan. Unlike Western political systems, the judicial branch is autonomous, and stands alone. **Teresa M. Dettloff** Sources:
 * []
 * Jordan: A Country Outlook [] :(By the Economist Intelligence Unit)
 * Jordan: A Refuge in the Desert[]
 * []



History
The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan has a complex history, and several elements contribute to its overall historical past. Originally, the Ottomans controlled certain sections of the territory that is now known as Jordan, and beyond the reaches of the empire, areas were governed by tribal laws. The territory outside media type="youtube" key="5Oq0UfG3Akk" height="205" width="315" align="right"of the empire was described as a state of anarchy in that there were only separate tribal groups with their own laws, and no overarching government entity to answer to. In the 1830's, the Ottomans issued "an attempt at imperial self-rejuvenation" (Philip 8). This marked a period of incorporation in which the Ottomans acted as an imperial regime, but sought a collaborative relationship with Jordan, then referred to as Transjordan. Philip also highlights that the Ottomans introduced centralized rule to Transjordan, and continued to extend beyond their original spheres of influence to tribal areas. Initially, the tribes rebelled against Ottoman centralized rule, but soon acquiesced to the Ottomans when they realized that gains could be made. Both the Ottomans and the occupants of Transjordan had similar goals, such as defense and economic security. The Ottoman empire thus exchanged security for taxes paid by the inhabitants of Transjordan.

According to Philip, the relationship between the Ottoman Empire and Transjordan was not typical of the time where conquest and exploitation were common; instead, it was not an experience of "life and death struggle, but rather one of emerging accommodation" (Philip 9). Thus, the tribes of the Transjordan territory were incorporated into a state-inspired security regime. Tribes were not permitted to tax the northern sector of the territories, and instead, the Ottomans collected a security tax from the north. Tribes in particular had an essential role in establishing conditions that would facilitate the formation of a stable nation-state in the future. In order to gain protection from the ruling empire and to achieve security benefits, the tribes ensured communication and trade routes, which facilitated a flow of capital into Transjordan. This was also furthered by the development of the Hijaz railway.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">After World War I, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Great Britain was the clear victor. This presented a dilemma for Transjordan, as they could no longer rely on the security and stability that the Ottoman Empire provided. In the 1870's, security was "externally inspired," (Philip 12), but now security would have to come from another source. Thus, Transjordan made an attempt to forge a legitimate nation-state through an autonomous, centralized government. The first Arab government of Transjordan was established in the city of Damascus in October 1918, and the leader was the Hashemite Amir Faisal bin Hussain. This transition was facilitated by the British, as Faisal was instrumental in aiding the British in crippling and ultimately destroying what remained of the Ottoman Empire.The 1920's in particular was a decade that defined Jordan in terms of establishing a legitimate nation-state and a stable regime. Major state-building activities ensued, including the establishment of military forces and a multitude of public agencies. Abdullah I was a key player in this movement, however he also helped to foster the Syrian nationalist movement, which damaged his credibility to a certain degree. After the Cairo Conference with Britain's minister of foreign affairs Winston Churchill, Faisal was established as the official leader of Iraq, and Abdullah I was instead granted jurisdiction over Jordan (Philip 13). Additionally, Jordan is bordered by countries such as Iran and Iraq, but over time has remained one of the most stable countries in the Middle East. This is due in part to the regimes of Jordan, and the institutions first establised by Abdullah I (Jordan: A Refuge in the Desert).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The question that now remained was how to address the issues of the tribes. It was necessary to devise a plan to incorporate the tribal periphery, and to address the glaring and evident income disparities. The Transjordan National Congress (TNC), as stated by Philips, was established as a semi-nomadic tribal confederation, and Britain was skeptical of the purpose of these groups, and feared uprisings that would destabilize Transjordan. After World War II, the separation of Transjordan and Palestine was ushered in, and in 1946, Transjordan was formally recognized by the name we know today, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The United States finally recognized diplomatic relations with the region in 1949, which was extremely late. However, the monarch style of government was legitimized, and several kings exercised power over the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan for several decades. The year 1947 was also sigificant for Jordan, as thousands of Palestinians fled their homes after the Zionist nation of Israel was established in the Middle East. Additionally,it is found today that more than 4.6 million residents of Jordan were former refugees (Jordan: A Refuge in the Desert).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Teresa M. Dettloff** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Sources:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Robins, Philip. "A History of Jordan."
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Jordan: A Refuge in the Desert []
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">[]

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Abdullah I
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**(Emir : 11 April 1921 - 22 March 1946, King : 22 March 1946 - 20 July 1951)** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Abdullah I bin al-Hussein, the founder of the Hashemite dynasty, was born in February of 1882 in the holy city of Mecca. Abdullah first became politically involved in 1910 when his father became grand Sharif of Mecca, a type of religious governor for the city, which brought the family into contact with political leaders and influential peoples, specifically with those from Britain. Soon after his fathers appointment Abdullah attained the position of deputy for Mecca in the parliament established by the Young Turks, during the decline of the Ottoman Empire.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Three years later marked the beginning of World War I. During this time Abdullah and his father, Husayn bin Ali, allied themselves with Britain, and began year-long correspondence with Sir Henry McMahon, the British High Commissioner in Egypt, over the political fate of the Arab world after the fall of the Ottoman Empire. In 1915 letter from McMahon to Hussein, McMahon declares Britain’s willingness to comply with the wishes of the Arabs, stating that “Great Britain is prepared to recognize and support the independence of the Arabs within the territories in the limits and boundaries proposed by the Sherif of Mecca” (McMahon–Hussein).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">A year later, in 1916, Husayn bin Ali, along with his sons Abdullah, Ali, Feisal and Zeid, led the Arabs in revolt against the ruling Ottoman Turks in the hopes of carving out a unified Arab state during the fall of the empire. It was said that the Mark Sykes himself, Britain’s contributor to the Sykes-Picot Agreement, designed the flag for the Arab Revolt, a flag which is quite similar to the one chosen to represent the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan today. Abdullah’s role in the Revolt, was that of commander of the Arab Eastern Army, in which he led an attack on the Ottoman garrison at Ta’if, causing them to surrender after three months of siege. Over the period of 1916, Abdullah was also credited with an ambush of an Ottoman convoy and a part in the sabotaging of the Hejaz Railway, a part of the Ottoman line, running from Damascus to Medina. By the end of WWI, the Arab Revolt, with the help of British forces, had “liberated Damascus, modern Jordan and most of the Arabian peninsula” (kingabdullah 1).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">With this success, Feisal and Abdullah assumed positions as Emirs of British awarded territories, with Feisal taking Iraq, and Abdullah controlling Transjordan. Although Abdullah took rule as Emir or Transjordan on April 11, 1921, the territory was not yet an officially independent state, however through further deliberations with Great Britain, Transjordan declared its’ independence on March 22, 1946 through the “Anglo-Transjordanian Treaty, ending the British mandate” (King 2).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Abdullah and the Hashemite family played a large role in the liberation of the Transjordan territory. Abdullah maintained rule over the Jordan for over 30 years, until 1951, when he was killed. “The King was assassinated by a lone gunman on the steps of one of the holiest shrines of Islam, and the jewel of Jerusalem, Al-Aqsa Mosque” (King 2). After his death, Abdullah’s son Talah, became King of Jordan, continuing the Hashemite Dynasty.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Tina Thompson** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Sources:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//King Abdullah bin Al-Hussein//. King Hussein I, ND. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. <[]>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Al-Hussein, Abdullah. "As the Arabs see the Jews." //The American Magazine// //Nov. 1947. <////[]>.//



<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Talal
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">** (King : 20 July 1951 - 11 August 1952 )** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The second king of the Hashemite Dynasty, Talal ibn Abdullah, was born on February 26th 1909 in the city of Mecca. He was the first son of two born to the founder of the Hashemite Dynasty, Abdullah I. Talal's reign as king was tragically short, not because of any nefarious plot, but because he suffered from schizophrenia. Even though his time on the throne was brief, Talal was able to make a significant impact on the politics and future of Jordan.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Talal was thrust into power suddenly on July 20th, 1951 after the assassination of his father and the attempted assassination of his son, Hussein, at the Al Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. At the time of the attack Talal was undergoing treatment for his mental illness in Switzerland. Despite his absence and illness, he was asked to return to Jordan to take up the throne in accordance with what was believed to be his father's wishes. Talal's kingship allowed for ease of the eventual succession to his son, Hussein (Country Studies: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">During Talal's brief tenure as ruler he accomplished two major matters. First, he attempted to strengthen relationships with other Arab countries. Talal joined Jordan with other Arab nations in the Arab League's Collective Security Pact. This was an action his father had previously rejected. Second, and most importantly, he declared a new constitution in January of 1952 (Country Studies: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 1). This constitution, among other matters, established a bicameral

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">legislature called the National Assembly of Jordan. The two chambers of the legislature are the House of Notables and the Chamber of Deputies. The House of Notables consists of 60 senators appointed directly by the King, and the Chamber of Deputies consists of 120 elected members. These 120 members represent 12 different constituencies, and special reservations are made among these 120 seats. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Of the 120 seats, 9 are reserved for Bedouin, 9 for Christians, 12 for women, and 3 for Jordanians of Circassian or Chechen origin. This new political system gave way for the rise of different political parties around the nation (CIA World Factbook).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Unfortunately, King Talal's mental condition steadily worsened until the prime minister and parliament feared he was unfit to rule. He was asked to abdicate his throne to his son, Hussein, in August of 1952. Talal tactfully obliged and retired with his honor intact to a villa near Istanbul. His last official date in power was 11 August 1952. King Talal died in 1972 (Country Studies: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The legacy of King Talal lives on in the current system of government instituted in Jordan as well as a significant facet of Jordanian infrastructure, the King Talal Dam. The dam was built in 1978 to address Jordan's issues of water scarcity and is located on the Az Zarqa River. This dam forms Jordan's major reservoir and provides significant hydroelectric power (Country Studies: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Andrew Beckner** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Sources:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">[]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">[]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">[]
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Hussein
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">** (King : 11 August 1952 - 7 February 1999 )** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Hussein bin Talal, the third king in the Hashemite Dynasty, was born on November 14, 1935, in Amman. Hussein bin Talal is the son of Talal ibn Abdullah. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Hussein bin Talal is credited as the longest serving executive head of state in the world, reining over the Hashemite kingdom of Jordan for over 46 years. Although Hussein was proclaimed king on August 11, 1952, conjointly a “Regency Council was appointed, until King Hussein’s formal accession to the throne on May 2, 1953, when he assumed his constitutional powers after reaching the age of eighteen” (King Hussein I 2)

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Hussein was committed to raising the standard of living for families throughout Jordan. In the 1960’s Hussein focused on the development of industry around Jordan’s natural resources, including potash, phosphates and the development of a cement plant. More importantly, the Jordanian government boasts about Hussein’s impact on the improvement in availability of water, sanitation, and electricity: “in 1950, water, sanitation and electricity were available to only 10% of Jordanians, [in 2001] these reach 99% of the population” as well as the increase in literacy rates over Hussein’s reign, stating that as little as 33% of Jordanians were considered literate in 1960, and that over the period of 36 years, this increased to a whopping 85.5%. Hussein’s interest in his people’s wellbeing was so widely recognized that Al-Hussein Bin Talal University was established outside of Ma'an in Hussein’s honor two months after his passing.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Hussein’s reign extended over a great many of conflicts, specifically Arab-Israeli, including the Suez Crisis, the Six-Day War, and Black September. Although the Suez Crisis surrounded the joint Israeli/British/French attack on Egypt, due to Jordan’s close geographically proximity; avoiding involvement proved politically difficult, due to both Britain and Egypt calling to Jordan for assistance. In 1967 Jordan signed a mutual defense pact with Syria and Egypt to help one another militarily. The Six-Day War, also known as the June War, began June 5th 1967 and ended June 10th. Building tension between Israel and Egypt finally erupted with a pre-emptive Israeli attack on the Egyptians. Even with the three forces working together, they were not enough to defeat the Israelis: within a week Israel gained control of Egypt’s Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula, Jordan’s West Bank and East Jerusalem, and Syria’s Golan Heights. Black September was an attempt by Jordanian military to expel the Palestinian Liberation Organization from Jordan. Armed conflict lasted just short of a year, and although Jordan was successful in the removal of the PLO, it was not dismantled, and the conflict resulted in thousands of deaths, a majority of which were Palestinian.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">media type="youtube" key="ltrNQLxhxys" height="198" width="305" align="left" <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Although Hussein is attributed with the increase in the standard of living in Jordan by his government, Hussein in also partly responsible for the loss of thousands of his people to Israeli control. Under the influence of the UN, Israel and Jordan signed the Treaty of Peace Between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, or the Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace for short, in 1994. This treaty established working relations between Israel and Jordan, in which visas could be granted, and trade zones were established.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Hussein’s biography compiled by the Jordanian government makes no mention of Arab-Israeli conflict, it does however, inform that “over the course of his life, His Majesty King Hussein was an avid sportsman. He was an accomplished aviator, motorcyclist and race-car driver who also enjoyed water sports, skiing and tennis.”

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">In 1998 it was announced to the public that Hussein had been diagnosed with lymphatic cancer. Within the next year, Hussein surprisingly changed his will to name his oldest son, Abdullah II as the heir to the throne, as opposed to the previous named heir, his brother Hassan. Hassan released a public statement criticizing Hussein, insinuating that his decision was due to health issues: “‘Maybe he did what he did as a result of the effects of his mortal illness’ said Prince Hassan, 51, who had been Crown Prince for more than 34 years.” King Hussein bin Talal died February 7, 1999.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Tina Thompson** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Sources:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//King Hussein bin Talal//. The Jewish Virtual Library, 2001. Web. 4 Dec. 2011. <[|www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Hussein.html]>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">//King Hussein I.// King Hussein I, ND. Web. 4 Dec. 2011. <[]>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">"King Hussein Bin Talal." //Baltimore Jewish Times// Feb. 12 1999: 42. //Ethnic NewsWatch.// Web. 2 Dec. 2011. <[|http://ezproxy.msu.edu.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/login?url=http://]<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">[|search.proquest.com.proxy1.cl.msu.edu/docview/222822219?accountid=12598]>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">"Brother's Rare Criticism of Jordan's Late King." //The New York Times// Jun. 8 1999. Web. 2 Dec. 2011. <[]>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">[|http://www.sixdaywar.org]

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Abdullah II
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">** (King : 7 February 1999 - Present) **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Abdullah II ibn al-Hussein, the current King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, was born on January 30th 1962 in the <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">capital city of Jordan, Amman. He was the eldest son of King Hussain of Jordan, who reigned from 1952 to 1999. On February 7th 1999, after being appointed heir to the throne by King Hussain on his death bed, Abdullah II became the forth King of Jordan.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">As king, Abdullah has done a great deal to improve Jordan’s economy. Under his rule, Jordan’s economy has risen to 6% annually, which is double the levels of the late 1990’s. His effort to increase the economy began almost immediately after his appointment as King. The King Abdullah II Design and Development Bureau was established in 1999 to help Jordan create a sustainable industrial base that would compliment commercial civilian applications (Amara, 2008). The KADDB worked to achieve this goal by creating an industry that would supply clients in the Middle East and North Africa with defense and other commercial equipment as well as supply equipment for the Jordanian Military.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Jordan's economic growth can also be contributed largely in part to the six special economic zones (SEZ) created by King Abdullah II. These zones, located in Ajloun, Irbid, Mafraq, Ma’an, Aqaba, and the Dead Sea, each have a specific niche that contributes to help support Jordan’s economy. The Aqaba special economic zone may be the most important, as it is Jordan’s only port city and serves as both a thriving beach resort and shipping port. The King has also made Jordan’s telecommunication program one of the best in the region by integrating it into the education system.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">On October 24th 2000, King Abdullah II negotiated the signing of the Jordan Fair Trade Agreement with the United States, marking the third fair trade agreement signed by the United States and the first with an Arab Nation (Office of the Press Secretary, 2001). He has also worked to bring peace to the Middle East by attending the Arab Summit in 2002 and working for the Middle East Peace Process. Holding summits with the United States, Israel and Palestine, King Abdullah II has also been active in helping to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. In 2007, the King announced that Jordan would be developing a nuclear energy program to relieve dependence on oil, which Jordan does not produce, and to help prevent any further conflicts over oil (Eldar, 2007).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">King Adbdullah II's regime has adopted the slogan "Jordan First," which represents a nationalistic ideology in terms of foreign policy as well as domestic politics (Ryan, 2004). The slogan has been used to combat foreign politics from Iraqi and Syrian groups within Jordan, by building a national identity for Jordanian citizens. At its roots, "Jordan First" stands for putting the people of Jordan first above all other matters. Working to follow this "people first" mentality, King Abdullah II developed the Decent Housing for Decent Living Campaign in 2008. The campaign is, “an effort to promote social and economic security by providing a wide range of citizens appropriate housing in all the provinces” (Royal Hashemite Court, 2008).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">In 2009, King Abdullah II announced his son Prince Hussain as heir to his throne. King Abdullah II continues to work towards economic prosperity in Jordan and peace in the Muslim world. In 2010, he was named the fourth most influential Muslim in the World (RISSC, 2010).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Austen Ayres** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Sources:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Amara, Jomana. (2008). Military Industrialization and Economic Development. 17.(2), 130. December 5, 2011. <[]>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Office of the Press Secretary. (September 28, 2001). Overview. U.S.-Jordan Free Trade Agreement (FTA). December 3, 2011. <[]>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Eldar, Akiva. (January 19, 2007). King Abdullah to Haaretz: Jordan aims to develop nuclear power. December 4, 2011. <[]>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Ryan, Curtis. (2004). "Jordan First": Jordan's Inter-Arab Relations and Foreign Policy Under King Abdullah II. December 5, 2011, <[]>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Royal Hashemite Court 2001-2011. (2008). Decent Housing For Decent Living. December 4, 2011. <[]>.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre. (2010). The 500 Most Influential Muslims of 2010. 25, December 4, 2011. <http://www.rissc.jo/docs/0A-FullVersion-LowRes.pdf>.[]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">[]